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                <text>[Unidentified woman in mourning dress at Lookout Mountain, Tennessee]</text>
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                <text>R. M. Linn &amp; Bro.</text>
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                <text>LOT 14043-2, no. 128 [P&amp;P]</text>
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                <text> Linn, Robert M., -1872 </text>
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                <text>Carte de visite of unknown Civil War widow. The woman is standing and facing left in a mourning dress. Her right hand is placed on a boulder atop Lookout Mountain. On the full-length portrait's verso, the photographers' name is misspelled as Lynn.&#13;
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                <text>[Unidentified woman, possibly Mrs. James Shields, in mourning dress and brooch showing Confederate soldier and holding young boy wearing kepi]</text>
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                <text>Liljenquist, Tom</text>
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                <text>Raciti, Frank F. </text>
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                <text>No known restrictions on publication.</text>
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                <text>Is Part Of Lot 14043, Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Civil War, Prints and Photographs Division</text>
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                <text>Cartes de visite, sepia-toned photograph shows U.S. Navy hospital ship, a side-wheel steamer and former Confederate barracks ship. The U.S.S. Red Rover was the first Union hospital ship whose staff included female nurses, including nuns from the Catholic order Sisters of the Holy Cross and African American women. On the verso of the albumen print, a notation reads "Surgeon on this vessel, Dr. J.T. Field of Bedminster, N.J." There is also a stamp on the verso that reads "Frank F. Raciti, 273 King George Road, Warren, New Jersey."</text>
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              <text>From William A. Hammond to Abraham Lincoln[1], July 16, 1862&#13;
&#13;
[1] ID: William A. Hammond joined the army as an assistant surgeon in 1849 but resigned in 1860 to teach and pursue a private medical practice. At the outbreak of the Civil War Hammond was commissioned an assistant surgeon and in April 1862 he was appointed surgeon general with the rank of brigadier general. As surgeon general Hammond streamlined the administration of the Medical Department and organized an ambulance corps. Hammond and Secretary Stanton had a personality conflict which resulted in the court martial of Hammond. The surgeon general was found guilty of ungentlemanly conduct and dismissed from the service in August 1864. Hammond enjoyed a very successful medical career after his dismissal from the army.&#13;
&#13;
Washington City, July 16th 1862.&#13;
&#13;
Sir,&#13;
&#13;
I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 13th inst. relative to the proportion to be maintained between Catholic &amp; Protestant nurses.[2]&#13;
&#13;
[2] This letter has not been located.&#13;
&#13;
I think it is a fact that the Catholic nurses predominate. This is because we found in the Sisters of Charity, a corps of faithful, devoted and trained nurses ready to administer to the sick &amp; wounded No such organization exists among the Protestants of this country, and those whom we have employed cannot compare in efficiency and faithfulness with the Sisters of Charity. The latter are trained to obedience, are of irreprochable moral character and most valuable are their minstrations.&#13;
&#13;
I am a Protestant myself and therefore cannot be accused of partiality.&#13;
&#13;
I know, Sir, you would not have me discharge these faithful women to make way for others whose religious faith is different but whose qualities cannot be compared with those of the Sisters. For the future, however, I will endeavor to obtain Protestants; but it will be a difficult task, as they will not submit to the same discipline, nor undergo the same hardships. I have a large experience with both kinds and, therefore, speak what I know.&#13;
&#13;
I am, Sir, with great respect&#13;
&#13;
Your Excellency's Obdt Servt&#13;
&#13;
William A Hammond&#13;
&#13;
Surgeon General U. S. A.</text>
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                <text>Abraham Lincoln papers: Series 1. General Correspondence. 1833-1916: William A. Hammond to Abraham Lincoln, Wednesday, July 16, 1862 (Catholic and Protestant nurses)</text>
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                <text>Hammond, William A. (William Alexander), 1828-1900</text>
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                <text>Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>The Library of Congress’s digital scans of the papers of Abraham Lincoln are in the public domain.</text>
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                <text>series: Series 1. General Correspondence. 1833-1916&#13;
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                <text>1862</text>
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                <text>Library of Congress</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>1862 letter from U.S. Surgeon General William A. Hammond to Abraham Lincoln. Hammond informs the President that he will try to employ more Protestant nurses but believes they do not compare to the Catholic nurses. Calling them Sisters of Charity, Hammond praises the work of the Catholic nuns in the Civil War. </text>
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              <text>1 print : chromolithograph.</text>
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                <text>Atlanta campaign. Army of the Cumberland. Divine service by Rev. P.P. Cooney, C.S.C. Chaplain Gen. of Ind. Troops in the field</text>
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                <text>Chromolithograph of an outdoor Catholic Mass during the Atlantic Campaign of the Civil War. A portrait of Rev. P. P. Cooney, a Holy Cross Father, is pictured in the top left scene.  The Union soldiers who attended the Easter Sunday field service are shown receiving holy communion in the top right scene. At the bottom left of the illustration, Fr. Cooney administers last rites to a dying soldier in a battle scene. At the bottom right of the print, a Sister of the Holy Cross dispenses medicine to a wounded soldier while two Catholic nuns face each other in the field hospital.</text>
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                <text>American Oleograph Co.</text>
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                <text>Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA</text>
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              <text>BEAUFORT&#13;
★ ★ ★&#13;
Union Occupation and Confederate Spies&#13;
Before the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, local citizens formed the&#13;
Beaufort Harbor Guards. These Confederate sympathizers, led by Capt.&#13;
Josiah Pender, occupied Fort Macon when the sole guard, U.S. Army Ord-nance&#13;
Sgt. William Alexander, quietly surrendered.&#13;
During the siege of Fort Macon (Mar. 23–Apr. 25, 1862), Union sig-nalmen&#13;
on the porch of the Atlantic Hotel directed the Federal artillery in&#13;
the dunes so that the shells fell accurately on the fort. Afterward, the&#13;
hotel served U.S. forces as Hammond Hospital until the war ended,&#13;
when it reopened as the Atlantic Hotel. The Sisters of Mercy,&#13;
Roman Catholic nuns from New York, cared for the wounded&#13;
and sick of Beaufort between July 1862 and May 1863.&#13;
Josiah Fisher Bell, whose house stands on the grounds&#13;
of the Beaufort Historic Site, served as a Confederate secret&#13;
agent and helped coordinate the movement of Southern troops&#13;
into and out of the area. In April 1864, he planned and executed a&#13;
mission to destroy the Cape Lookout lighthouses. His group succeed-ed&#13;
in destroying one lighthouse and severely damaging the other.&#13;
The Old Burying Ground here contains the burial markers of both&#13;
Confederate and Union soldiers as well as the graves of slaves and free&#13;
blacks. Broad Street (to the north) became a major center for black&#13;
refugees, and the area was known as Union City. During the Federal occu-pation&#13;
of Beaufort, the deep-water port became an important coaling and&#13;
repair station for the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron.&#13;
ORANGE STREET&#13;
MOORE STREET&#13;
TURNER STREET&#13;
CRAVEN STREET&#13;
QUEEN STREET&#13;
POLLOCK STREET&#13;
ANN STREET&#13;
FRONT STREET&#13;
Union City&#13;
MIDDLE LANE&#13;
General Burnside&#13;
Headquarters&#13;
Site of&#13;
Atlantic Hotel&#13;
Josiah&#13;
Bell&#13;
House&#13;
Leecraft Old Burying Ground&#13;
Houses&#13;
Hatsell&#13;
House&#13;
Easton&#13;
House&#13;
You Are Here&#13;
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, April 28, 1862, View of Fort Macon and Beaufort Harbor.&#13;
Josiah Fisher Bell&#13;
Below are a few points of interest. A more detailed&#13;
walking tour brochure is available inside the Historic&#13;
Site Welcome Center.</text>
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                <text>Historical marker and audio recording of an information sign in Beaufort, NC. During the Union occupation of Beaufort, the Sisters of Mercy traveled from New York to nurse the wounded and sick at the Atlantic Hotel. Renamed Hammond Hospital in 1862, the site of the Atlantic Hotel is referred to as a point of interest on a Beaufort map.</text>
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                <text>Douglas &amp; Stanton Hospitals, Washington,D.C. / lith. &amp; print. by Chas. Magnus, N.Y.</text>
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                <text>1864 lithograph of Douglas and Stanton Hospitals in Washington, D.C. Printed in color, the bird's eye view shows a centrally located red brick building (Douglas Hospital) across the street from a compound of white buildings (Stanton Hospital). An American flag flies atop the middlemost white building that faces Douglas Hospital. A white fence surrounds Stanton Hospital and two military guards are stationed outside of the fence. Also pictured are pedestrians on sidewalks in addition to horse-drawn carriages and men riding horses. During the Civil War, the Sisters of Mercy were requested to nurse the sick and wounded soldiers at both hospitals.</text>
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              <text>[Congressional Bills 109th Congress]&#13;
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]&#13;
[H. Res. 1097 Introduced in House (IH)]&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
109th CONGRESS&#13;
  2d Session&#13;
H. RES. 1097&#13;
&#13;
Honoring the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy on the occasion of its 175th anniversary, and commending its ministry and its efforts in helping individuals, especially women and children, overcome challenges that keep them from living full and dignified lives.&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
______________________________________________&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
                    IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES&#13;
&#13;
                            December 6, 2006&#13;
&#13;
Ms. Bordallo (for herself, Ms. Hart, Mr. Oberstar, Mr. Faleomavaega, Ms. Eshoo, Mr. Doyle, Mr. Jones of North Carolina, Mrs. Christensen, Mr. McGovern, Ms. Kilpatrick of Michigan, Mr. Ryan of Ohio, and Mr. McCotter) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on International Relations&#13;
&#13;
______________________________________________&#13;
&#13;
                               RESOLUTION&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
Honoring the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy on the occasion of its 175th anniversary, and commending its ministry and its efforts in helping individuals, especially women and children, overcome challenges that keep them from living full and dignified lives.&#13;
&#13;
Whereas December 12, 2006, marks the 175th anniversary of the founding of the Sisters of Mercy by Catherine McAuley of Dublin, Ireland;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas Catherine McAuley notably began her service in the virtue of mercy in 1824, when she used her inheritance to build a facility, known as the "House of Mercy", to provide educational, religious, and social services for women and children who were poor, homeless, and in need;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy was established on December 12, 1831, after Catherine McAuley pronounced her perpetual vows and became the first Sister of Mercy;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas the Sisters of Mercy is a congregation of Roman Catholic women dedicated to serving the vulnerable and the disadvantaged in communities throughout the world, whose members take vows of poverty, chastity, obedience, and service to persons who are poor, sick, and otherwise unable to access and afford education;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas, in 1843, the first Sisters of Mercy arrived in the United States, and by 1854, the Sisters of Mercy had settled in the States of Pennsylvania and New York and in the city of San Francisco, California;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy has continued its service to the public since its inception in the United States by establishing schools and hospitals throughout the United States;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas, during the Civil War, the Sisters of Mercy cared for injured and dying Union and Confederate soldiers, and as a result, the Sisters of Mercy received a commendation from President Abraham Lincoln, who also instructed Union generals to support the Sisters of Mercy;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas, by 1928, the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy, dedicated to education, healthcare, ministry, and social justice, had established 140 convents throughout the United States and steadily continued to grow in membership in the years that followed;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas, currently, there are approximately 4,500 Sisters of Mercy and 2,800 Mercy associates serving in the United States, and over 10,000 Sisters of Mercy serving throughout the world;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy sponsors 18 colleges and universities, and serves over 26,000 students in the United States;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas, for nearly two centuries, the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy has continually and selflessly dedicated itself to the mission of assisting the most vulnerable members of society;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy continues to aid victims of diseases and natural disasters, minister to the underserved, support the struggling, and feed the hungry; and&#13;
&#13;
Whereas the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy serves in communities in Ireland and Great Britain; North, Central, and South America; the Caribbean; and Australia, New Zealand, Tonga, Samoa, the Philippines, Chuuk, and Guam: Now, therefore, be it&#13;
&#13;
Resolved,  That the House of Representatives--&#13;
            (1) honors and recognizes the Institute of the Sisters of &#13;
        Mercy on the occasion of its 175th anniversary;&#13;
            (2) commends the Sisters of Mercy for their selfless &#13;
        devotion to assisting communities in need through sponsorship of educational, social, and spiritual programs in the United States and throughout the world;&#13;
            (3) commemorates the past and present Sisters of Mercy whose dedication and compassion have transcended borders and improved and inspired the lives of others in need; and&#13;
            (4) supports the continued service of the Sisters of Mercy  in alleviating suffering, advocating for the needy, and &#13;
ministering to communities in the United States and throughout the world.&#13;
                                 &lt;all&gt;</text>
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              <text>[Congressional Bills 109th Congress]&#13;
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]&#13;
[H. Res. 1097 Introduced in House (IH)]&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
109th CONGRESS&#13;
  2d Session&#13;
H. RES. 1097&#13;
&#13;
Honoring the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy on the occasion of its 175th anniversary, and commending its ministry and its efforts in helping individuals, especially women and children, overcome challenges that keep them from living full and dignified lives.&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
______________________________________________&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
                    IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES&#13;
&#13;
                            December 6, 2006&#13;
&#13;
Ms. Bordallo (for herself, Ms. Hart, Mr. Oberstar, Mr. Faleomavaega, Ms. Eshoo, Mr. Doyle, Mr. Jones of North Carolina, Mrs. Christensen, Mr. McGovern, Ms. Kilpatrick of Michigan, Mr. Ryan of Ohio, and Mr. McCotter) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on International Relations&#13;
&#13;
______________________________________________&#13;
&#13;
                               RESOLUTION&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
Honoring the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy on the occasion of its 175th anniversary, and commending its ministry and its efforts in helping individuals, especially women and children, overcome challenges that keep them from living full and dignified lives.&#13;
&#13;
Whereas December 12, 2006, marks the 175th anniversary of the founding of the Sisters of Mercy by Catherine McAuley of Dublin, Ireland;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas Catherine McAuley notably began her service in the virtue of mercy in 1824, when she used her inheritance to build a facility, known as the "House of Mercy", to provide educational, religious, and social services for women and children who were poor, homeless, and in need;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy was established on December 12, 1831, after Catherine McAuley pronounced her perpetual vows and became the first Sister of Mercy;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas the Sisters of Mercy is a congregation of Roman Catholic women dedicated to serving the vulnerable and the disadvantaged in communities throughout the world, whose members take vows of poverty, chastity, obedience, and service to persons who are poor, sick, and otherwise unable to access and afford education;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas, in 1843, the first Sisters of Mercy arrived in the United States, and by 1854, the Sisters of Mercy had settled in the States of Pennsylvania and New York and in the city of San Francisco, California;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy has continued its service to the public since its inception in the United States by establishing schools and hospitals throughout the United States;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas, during the Civil War, the Sisters of Mercy cared for injured and dying Union and Confederate soldiers, and as a result, the Sisters of Mercy received a commendation from President Abraham Lincoln, who also instructed Union generals to support the Sisters of Mercy;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas, by 1928, the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy, dedicated to education, healthcare, ministry, and social justice, had established 140 convents throughout the United States and steadily continued to grow in membership in the years that followed;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas, currently, there are approximately 4,500 Sisters of Mercy and 2,800 Mercy associates serving in the United States, and over 10,000 Sisters of Mercy serving throughout the world;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy sponsors 18 colleges and universities, and serves over 26,000 students in the United States;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas, for nearly two centuries, the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy has continually and selflessly dedicated itself to the mission of assisting the most vulnerable members of society;&#13;
&#13;
Whereas the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy continues to aid victims of diseases and natural disasters, minister to the underserved, support the struggling, and feed the hungry; and&#13;
&#13;
Whereas the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy serves in communities in Ireland and Great Britain; North, Central, and South America; the Caribbean; and Australia, New Zealand, Tonga, Samoa, the Philippines, Chuuk, and Guam: Now, therefore, be it&#13;
&#13;
Resolved,  That the House of Representatives--&#13;
            (1) honors and recognizes the Institute of the Sisters of &#13;
        Mercy on the occasion of its 175th anniversary;&#13;
            (2) commends the Sisters of Mercy for their selfless &#13;
        devotion to assisting communities in need through sponsorship of educational, social, and spiritual programs in the United States and throughout the world;&#13;
            (3) commemorates the past and present Sisters of Mercy whose dedication and compassion have transcended borders and improved and inspired the lives of others in need; and&#13;
            (4) supports the continued service of the Sisters of Mercy  in alleviating suffering, advocating for the needy, and &#13;
ministering to communities in the United States and throughout the world.&#13;
                                 &lt;all&gt;</text>
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              <text>Page 1:&#13;
&#13;
Starkville Miss July 27th 1865&#13;
To the Honble of W. L. Sharkey&#13;
Rrovisional Govrnor of The&#13;
State of Mississippi&#13;
&#13;
The petition of the widow Caroline M Burns would respectfully represent that she is The keeper of a public Inn in the Town of Starkville and that she is subject to the Tax under the provisions of the late Tax Bill and your petitions would further represent that she is a widow of very limited means with several children dependant upon her for education and support and that owing to the unsettled conditions of the and the scarcity of money in the equity her custom has been very limited [strikethrough]and[strikethrough]her outlay in indeavoring to keep her house being as great or greater that her income and ^her^ house being her only source of support for her family she regards the payment of said tax as a hardship and prays to be relieved from the effects of the same—Your petitioner makes This request from no desire To avoid The responsibilites and duties of a good citizen she always having been prompt in The payment of all taxes assessed To her when she was able to do so&#13;
&#13;
All of which is respectfully submitted sworn to and subscribed before me&#13;
this 28th day&#13;
of July 1865&#13;
David Ames&#13;
Judge of Probate&#13;
&#13;
Caroline M. Burns&#13;
&#13;
Page 2:&#13;
&#13;
Caroline M Burrus wishes to be relieved from the tax on her Tavern as She is very poor and does not make a living from it scarcely&#13;
&#13;
[remit?] the tax&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>1865 letter on behalf of a Starkville, Mississippi widow, Caroline M. Burrus, to Governor Sharkey. Burrus or Burns appeared before Probate Judge David Ames and asked to be relieved of the tax on her inn. Ames testifies that Burrus is the poor mother of several children and the inn is her only means of support. On page 2 of the letter, Burrus' request was answered.</text>
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&#13;
Union Church Jeff&#13;
Co Mississippi&#13;
Sir&#13;
&#13;
I am the wife of Rev J. H Smiley late Pastor of Union Church, he went with the Charles Clark Rifels as Chaplain and caught a bad cold at that time and departed this life with hasty Consumption This May 1862 and left us quite destitute. I understand that widows are exempt from paying taxes and receive a bounty, am I not entitled to the same. If you wish for farther particulars you can apply to his physican Dr Henry Loomis Fayette Mississippi. Some familys receive bounty whos husbands were in bad health Mr Smiley was in good health when he entered the survice. Please direct your letter to Rev. A M Callum do not put my name on the outside. Respectfully&#13;
&#13;
Mrs Charlotte Smiley&#13;
&#13;
Augast 26, 1862,&#13;
&#13;
As I have much trouble in getting my letters&#13;
&#13;
Page 2:&#13;
&#13;
Mrs. Smiley wishes to know if she is entitled to Pension &amp; is free from taxes.&#13;
&#13;
no—</text>
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